Learning theories help us understand the aspects of learning, how learning happens, and learning needs with different perspectives. Instructors should consider applications of different theories. Let`s see how instructors can use Bandura’s Social Learning Theory concepts for adult learning applications.

Main concepts

Bandura states that “most human behaviour is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action” (1971). 

According to his social learning theory, four steps are involved in the observational learning process:

• Attention,
• Retention,
• Motor reproduction,
• and Reinforcement – Motivation (Bandura, 1971).

First, individuals need to direct their attention to the model behaviour during the observation. Then this observation should be transferred to memory in order to be used when it is necessary . Next, the fundamental elements of the behaviour should be implemented to produce new patterns. And with reinforcement and motivation, the behaviour can be retained (Bandura, 1971).

In addition, Bandura valued internal psychological dynamics as external reinforcement. He highlighted that personal accomplishments are also related to self-beliefs of efficacy (Bandura, 1993, p.119). Bandura states that “perceived self-efficacy refers to belief in one’s agentive capabilities, that one can produce given levels of attainment” (1997). Therefore, an individual with the same knowledge and skills may perform differently depending on the different levels of self- efficacy (Bandura, 1993, p.119).

Adult Learning Applications

Social learning theory is implemented in adult learning, especially when the focus is on changing behaviour. Supporting the four steps of the modeling process with learning strategies is beneficial for learner. Using certain activities for drawing attention, retaining the information, implementation of the behavior, and reinforce the required behaviour by rewards is and feedback is important (Spencer, 2015).

Learning through observation approach is also used by organisations in various ways such as, corporate mentoring, shadowing and on-the-job training programs (Chris,2015).

Strategies

Having a lesson plan with descriptions of activities for four levels of learning process would help instructors to support the learning process. For example, instructors can answer the following questions for each chapter;

1. What can I do to grab attention to the topic?
2. How can I help learners to remember the information when it is needed? Memory techniques, visual aids, etc.
3. How, where, when the learners are going to demonstrate the behaviour?
4. How am I going to let them know how they are doing to motivate them?

Another strategy would be using an observation checklist that includes the performance levels of behavioural indicators. The learners can evaluate each other’s performances and give constructive feedback to each other by using the list. For example, indicators like using appropriate volume, the tone of voice and speed while speaking, making eye contact with the audience, using visual aids, using proper body language, etc. with an evaluation scale, can be used for presentation skills.